RoughStamp

Duanehunt Law

2005-03-19T23:38:00.000-08:00

In atomic physics, the relationship between the voltage (V ) applied to an X-ray tube and the maximum frequency n of the X rays emitted from the target. It is named after the American physicists William Duane and Franklin Hunt. The relationship is expressed as n = Ve/h, in which e is the charge of the electron and h is Planck's constant. This law is sometimes called the inverse photoelectric

Arts, Islamic, Stringed instruments

2005-03-17T15:39:00.000-08:00

Chordophones, or stringed instruments, constitute the most important family. The favourite instrument of Islamic classical music is the 'ud, a short-necked lute having four or five strings and resembling the Western lute, which derived from the 'ud. In addition to holding musical supremacy, it was important in medieval theoretical and cosmological speculations. It

De Baca

2005-03-15T01:39:00.000-08:00

In 1541 explorer Francisco

Usakligil, Halit Ziya

2005-03-13T06:51:00.000-08:00

He was educated at a French school in Izmir, where he became devoted to the works of the 19th-century French novelists. A journey to France also contributed to his knowledge of European culture,

Cicero

2005-03-11T21:57:00.000-08:00

City, western suburb of Chicago, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. First settled in the 1830s, it was named for Cicero, N.Y. Its development was stimulated when the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was built through the site (1864) and by the arrival of land speculators and farmers after the American Civil War. Economic growth continued, but Cicero lost territory to

Scorpius X-1

2005-03-07T06:20:00.000-08:00

(catalog number Sco X-1), brightest X-ray source in the sky, the first such object discovered in the direction of the constellation Scorpius. Detected in 1962, its X-radiation is not only strong but, like other X-ray sources, quite variable as well. Its variability exhibits two states, one at higher output with great variability on a time scale of minutes and another at lower output

Middlesex

2005-03-04T16:31:00.000-08:00

County, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S., west and northwest of Boston and bordered on the north by New Hampshire. The county consists of an upland region drained by the Merrimack, Nashua, Assabet, Concord, Sudbury, and Shawsheen rivers. Other waterways include Whitehall and Cambridge reservoirs, Lake Cochituate, and historic Walden Pond. Parklands include more than

Esdraelon, Plain Of

2005-03-02T22:30:00.000-08:00

The plain, roughly triangular in shape, is oriented northwest-southeast with the apex at

Christianity, The schism of 1054

2005-02-27T14:13:00.000-08:00

The greatest schism in church history occurred between the church of Constantinople and the church of Rome. While 1054 is the symbolic date of the separation, the agonizing division was six centuries in the making. The friction was ignited by several issues. The Eastern Church sharply disagreed when the Western Church introduced into the Nicene Creed the doctrine

Mushroom Poisoning

2005-02-25T17:54:00.000-08:00

Among the mushrooms that most commonly cause poisoning are Amanita muscaria, A. phalloides, and the four white Amanita species called destroying angels.

Gauches, Cartel Des

2005-02-20T14:30:00.000-08:00

The Socialist Party, which usually disdained association with the bourgeois parties of the right, joined an electoral alliance with the Radicals, who had dominated prewar ministries. Together

Haavelmo, Trygve

2005-02-19T23:20:00.000-08:00

After the outbreak of World War II, Haavelmo left Norway and delivered his doctoral dissertation, “The Probability Approach in Econometrics,” at Harvard University in 1941. Although he had two doctorates

Floral Decoration, 17th century

2005-02-16T08:01:00.000-08:00

The arrangement of plant materials truly became an art and an important decorative device in the 17th century. During this period of worldwide exploration, colonization, and commerce, new plants were introduced into Europe, where an avid interest in horticulture developed. Still-life paintings of the late 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries reveal what a great variety of

Planet X

2005-02-15T05:14:00.000-08:00

At the time its existence was proposed (1972), Planet X was stated to be located in the direction of the constellation Cassiopeia. The planet was calculated to have a mass approximately

Sea Lettuce

2005-02-12T18:13:00.000-08:00

(Ulva), any member of a genus of green algae usually found growing between high and low tide marks on rocky shores of seas and oceans. Fragments may be washed ashore by wave action. Ulva grows also in brackish water rich in organic matter or sewage. The thallus, which somewhat resembles a lettuce leaf, is a sheet of cells up to 30 cm (12 inches) long and two cells thick

Military Affairs

2005-02-11T00:41:00.000-08:00

The security situation in the Serbian province of Kosovo deteriorated in January when Yugoslav army and special police troops escalated their offensive against the Kosovar Albanians. Under pressure from the six-nation Contact Group, the two sides met at Rambouillet, near Paris, France, in February and March to seek a peace agreement. The Kosovar Albanian delegation

Aiken

2005-02-09T13:50:00.000-08:00

The area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Savannah

Auburn

2005-02-07T13:25:00.000-08:00

City, Lee county, eastern Alabama, U.S., adjacent to Opelika, about 60 miles (100 km) northeast of Montgomery. Founded in 1836 by John Harper and settlers from Georgia, its name was inspired by the “sweet Auburn” of Oliver Goldsmith's poem The Deserted Village. Auburn University, opened as East Alabama Male College (Methodist) in 1859, is the main factor in the city's economy. The manufacture of

Itaipú Dam

2005-02-04T00:39:00.000-08:00

Hollow gravity dam on the Alto (Upper) Paraná River at the Brazil-Paraguay border, north of the town of Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. In terms of power output, it is one of the world's largest hydroelectric projects. Its 18 massive turbine generators, located in the powerhouse at the base of the dam, are capable of generating 12,600 megawatts of electricity. Built as a joint venture by

Atlanta

2005-02-03T02:14:00.000-08:00

The city owes its existence to the railroads, the routes of which were

Cladonia

2005-02-01T09:23:00.000-08:00

Genus of lichens that includes those species commonly known as cup lichen, reindeer moss, and British soldiers (qq.v.).

Poland, Partitions Of

2005-01-29T22:50:00.000-08:00

The First Partition occurred after Russia became involved in a war against the Ottoman Turks (1768) and won such impressive victories, particularly in the Danubian principalities,

Rowan

2005-01-27T21:48:00.000-08:00

A deciduous tree, Sorbus aucuparia; it is also called the European mountain ash, or quickbeam. See mountain ash.

Fairbairn, Sir William, 1st Baronet

2005-01-26T19:00:00.000-08:00

From 1817 to 1832 he was a millwright at Manchester, in partnership with James Lillie. In 1835 he established a shipbuilding yard at Millwall, London,

Responsory

2005-01-23T18:39:00.000-08:00

Also called respond plainchant melody and text originally sung responsorially—i.e., by alternating choir and soloist or soloists. Responsorial singing of the psalms was adopted into early Christian worship from Jewish liturgical practice. Most frequently the congregation sang a short refrain, such as Amen or Alleluia, between psalm verses sung by a cantor. As medieval plainchant

Latium

2005-01-21T10:28:00.000-08:00

Ancient area in west-central Italy, originally limited to the territory around the Alban Hills, but extending by about 500 Bc south of the Tiber River as far as the promontory of Mount Circeo. It was bounded on the northwest by Etruria, on the southeast by Campania, on the east by Samnium, and on the northeast by the territory of the Sabini, Aequi, and Marsi. The modern region of Lazio extends farther to include the entire coastal plain between the Fiora River in the north and Garigliano River in

Bejaïa

2005-01-20T19:41:00.000-08:00

Formerly Bougie, town, Mediterranean port, northeastern Algeria. The town lies at the mouth of the Wadi Soummam. Sheltered by Mount Gouraya (2,165 feet [660 m]) and Cape Carbon, it receives an annual average rainfall of 40 inches (1,000 mm) and is surrounded by a fertile plain. The older town, built on the mountain slope, descends to the French-built sector spread along the road to Algiers and containing the business

Quad

2005-01-17T14:00:00.000-08:00

Unit of energy equal to 1 quadrillion (1015) British thermal units (BTU). The quad is a convenient unit for describing national and world energy resources. One quad is also equal to 293 billion kilowatt hours, or, for fuels of average heating values, 183 million barrels of petroleum, 38.5 million tons of coal, or 980 billion cubic feet of natural gas.

Hohhot

2005-01-16T18:38:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization Hu-ho-hao-t'e, Pinyin Hohhot, city and (since 1952) provincial capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region (tzu-chih-ch'ü), China. The city is a prefecture-level municipality (shih) and the command headquarters of the Inner Mongolian Military Region. It is situated in the upper valley of the Ta-hei Ho (westward-flowing tributary of the Huang Ho [Yellow River], which it joins on the northern side of that

Feng Tao

2005-01-12T09:16:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Feng Dao Chinese Confucian minister generally given credit for instigating the first printing of the Confucian Classics, in 932. As a result, Confucian texts became cheap and accessible, the number of scholars and the knowledge of literature greatly increased throughout the nation, and the number of people able to compete in the

Clanton

2005-01-09T11:12:00.000-08:00

City, seat of Chilton county, central Alabama, U.S., near the Coosa River, about 45 miles (70 km) northwest of Montgomery. Originally called Goose Pond, the town was laid out in 1870 and renamed for James H. Clanton, a Confederate general in the American Civil War. Peach growing is the area's main economic activity, and a peach festival is held in June. Clanton is a base for sport fishing on

Korea, South

2005-01-07T08:20:00.000-08:00

Officially Republic of Korea , Korean Taehan Min'guk country in East Asia. It occupies the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. The country is bordered by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) to the north, the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west; to the southeast it is separated from the Japanese island of Tsushima by the Korea Strait. South Korea

Switzerland, Urban Switzerland

2005-01-05T16:24:00.000-08:00

Some cities in Switzerland originally developed around monasteries, as did St. Gall, or around Roman settlements, as in the case of Zürich and Lausanne. Within the Alps of Vaud, Vevey and Montreux were sited on small deltas jutting into Lake Geneva that provided flat land near the mountainous north shore; in the Alps of Ticino, Locarno and Ascona developed on the delta

Mask

2005-01-03T00:35:00.000-08:00

A form of disguise. It is an object that is frequently worn over or in front of the face to hide the identity of a person and by its own features to establish another being. This essential characteristic of hiding and revealing personalities or moods is common to all masks. As cultural objects they have been used throughout the world in all periods since the Stone Age

Burnet, Sir Macfarlane

2005-01-01T10:38:00.000-08:00

Burnet received his medical degree in 1924 from the University of Melbourne

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand

2004-12-30T13:46:00.000-08:00

Gandhi took his studies seriously and tried to brush up on his English and Latin by taking the London University matriculation examination. But, during the three years he spent in England, his main preoccupation was with personal and moral issues rather than with academic ambitions. The transition from the half-rural atmosphere of Rajkot to the cosmopolitan life

Morocco, Decline of traditional government (18301912)

2004-12-28T11:41:00.000-08:00

During the French invasion of Algeria in 1830, the sultan of Morocco, Moulay (Mawlay) Abd ar-Rahman (1822–59), briefly sent troops to occupy Tlemcen but withdrew them after French protests. The Algerian leader Abdelkader in 1844 took refuge from the French in Morocco. A Moroccan army was sent to the Algerian frontier; the French bombarded Tangier on August 4, 1844, and Essaouira (Mogador) on August

Fellow Traveller

2004-12-26T05:37:00.000-08:00

Russian Poputchik, originally, a writer in the Soviet Union who was not against the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 but did not actively support it as a propagandist. The term was used in this sense by Leon Trotsky in Literature and the Revolution (1925) and was not meant to be pejorative. Implicit in the designation was the recognition of the artist's need for intellectual freedom and his dependence

Wildman, Sir John

2004-12-25T00:17:00.000-08:00

Wildman was of obscure ancestry. Educated at Cambridge, he first came into prominence in October 1647, when he helped to write The Case of the Army and the first Agreement of the People. These expressed the political program of the democratic republican,

Mandel, Georges

2004-12-23T08:54:00.000-08:00

A member of a prosperous Jewish family, though not related to the Rothschild banking dynasty, Mandel served on the personal staff of Premier Georges Clemenceau from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 to 1920. He also served as a deputy in the National Assembly from 1919 to 1924 and from 1928 to

Gamelin, Maurice(-gustave)

2004-12-20T07:11:00.000-08:00

Gamelin graduated from the Saint-Cyr military academy in 1893 and ended World War I as a brigadier general in command of a division. He rose steadily after the war, becoming

Boian

2004-12-19T13:22:00.000-08:00

Neolithic culture (c. 7000 BC) centred in what is now southern Romania; it was characterized by terrace settlements, consisting at first of mud huts and later of fortified promontory settlements. The Boian phase was marked by the introduction of copper axes, the extension of agriculture, and the breeding of domestic animals. The distinctive Boian pottery was decorated by

Flanders

2004-12-17T16:09:00.000-08:00

Flemish Vlaams , formally Flemish Region , Flemish Vlaamse Gewest region that comprises the northern half of Belgium. Flanders was created in 1995 in the reorganization of Belgium's provincial administration along ethnic-linguistic lines. It includes the Flemish-speaking provinces of Antwerp, East Flanders, Limburg, Flemish Brabant, and West Flanders (qq.v.). The Brussels-Capital Region lies within but is administratively separate

North Germanic Languages, Norwegian

2004-12-14T16:46:00.000-08:00

Old Norwegian writing traditions gradually died out in the 15th century after the union of Norway with Denmark and the removal of the central government to Copenhagen. After independence was achieved in 1814, the linguistic union with Danish persisted, but educational problems due to the linguistic distance between Danish and spoken Norwegian and socio-political

Cataclastite

2004-12-12T06:55:00.000-08:00

Any rock produced by dynamic metamorphism during which faulting, granulation, and flowage may occur in previously crystalline parent rocks. When stress exceeds breaking strength, a rock yields by rupture. The rock may break as a unit, or individual minerals may be selectively granulated. The stress is generally not the same in all directions, so that movement in

Orthodox Judaism

2004-12-11T11:50:00.000-08:00

The religion of those Jews who adhere most strictly to traditional beliefs and practices. Jewish Orthodoxy resolutely refuses to accept the position of Reform Judaism that the Bible and other sacred Jewish writings contain not only eternally valid moral principles but also historically and culturally conditioned adaptations and interpretations of the

Plymouth

2004-12-08T22:14:00.000-08:00

Named Sudtone in Domesday Book (1086), Plymouth's original harbour is still called Sutton Harbour. A developing trade and the shipment of armies

Arinos River

2004-12-07T16:20:00.000-08:00

Portuguese Rio Arinos, river, west-central Brazil. It rises in the Araporé Mountains northeast of Diamantino and flows west for a short distance and then north-northwest across the Mato Grosso Plateau to its junction with the Juruena River, which is a major headstream of the Tapajós River.

Narayanan, Kocheril Raman

2004-12-04T08:52:00.000-08:00

Despite his family's poverty and social status, Narayanan's intellect won him a government-sponsored scholarship. After graduating

Qatar

2004-11-30T06:32:00.000-08:00

The Qatar peninsula is about 100 miles (160 km) from north to south, 50 miles (80 km) from east to west, and is generally rectangular in shape. Most of its area is flat, low-lying desert, which rises from the east to a central limestone plateau; hills rise to about 130 feet (40 metres) along the western and northern coasts. Sand dunes and salt flats, or sabkhahs, are the chief topographical features

Lsd

2004-11-29T05:38:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, also called Lysergide, potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug that can be derived from the ergot alkaloids (as ergotamine and ergonovine, principal constituents of ergot, the grain deformity and toxic infectant of flour caused by the fungus of grasses, Claviceps purpurea). LSD usually is prepared in the laboratory by chemical synthesis. Its basic chemical structure is similar to that

Cumali, Necati

2004-11-26T11:01:00.000-08:00

At the age of 18 Cumali began publishing poetry. After graduating from what is now Ankara (Turkey) University in 1941, he held a variety of jobs and practiced law from

Beretta Spa

2004-11-25T02:56:00.000-08:00

The founder of the business, Bartolomeo Beretta, was known as a maestro da canne, or master gun-barrel maker, for the republic of

Smilax

2004-11-23T17:04:00.000-08:00

Genus of plants in the family Smilacaceae, consisting of about 300 species of woody or herbaceous vines, variously known as catbriers and greenbriers, native to tropical and temperate parts of the world. The stems of many species are covered with prickles; the lower leaves are scalelike; and the leathery upper leaves have untoothed blades with

Macarthur, John

2004-11-20T09:39:00.000-08:00

In 1789 Macarthur went to Australia as a lieutenant in the New South Wales Corps. By 1793 he had become a large landholder, having attained power as inspector of public works and paymaster

Rhys, Siôn Dafydd

2004-11-18T17:24:00.000-08:00

Rhys spent some time at Oxford then earned a degree in medicine from the University of Siena, Italy. He practiced as a physician at Cardiff,

Biblical Literature, New Testament canon, texts, and versions

2004-11-16T19:33:00.000-08:00

(Canon): For the relevant primary texts on the history of the canon, see Daniel J. Theron (ed.), Evidence of Tradition (1957), with selected source material in Greek or Latin with English translation; and James Stevenson (ed.), A New Eusebius (1957). For introductions, see Alexander Souter and C.S.C. Williams, The Text and Canon of the New Testament, 2nd ed. rev. (1954); and Robert M. Grant, The Formation of the New Testament (1965). For a phenomenological approach, see Gerardus van der Leeuw, Phänomenologie der Religion, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1956; Eng. trans., Religion in Essence and Manifestation, 2nd ed., 2 vol., 1963), ch. 64. (Texts): The major text for further study is Bruce H. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (1964). (Translations): On translation in general, see Reuben A. Brower (ed.), On Translation (1959). For translation of the Bible into English, see Frederick F. Bruce, The English Bible: A History of Translations from the Earliest English Versions to the New English Bible, 2nd ed. (1970).

Vientiane

2004-11-14T06:48:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Viangchan, largest city and capital of Laos, situated on a plain just northeast of the Mekong River. The city's central river port location in a country relying heavily on its rivers for transportation and its surrounding hinterland of intensive rice cultivation have made Vientiane the major economic centre of Laos. The city has a tropical monsoon climate, every month having

Rüsselsheim

2004-11-13T03:23:00.000-08:00

City, Hesse Land (state), in west-central Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Main River between Mainz and Frankfurt am Main. Founded by the Frankish prince Ruzilo as Rusilesheim (“Ruzilo's home”), it belonged to the counts of Katzenelnbogen from 1300, was chartered in 1437, passed to the landgraves of Hesse in 1479, and fell to the Hesse-Darmstadt line in 1567. The town hall dates from

Christianity, The cosmological argument

2004-11-10T01:00:00.000-08:00

St. Thomas Aquinas gave the first-cause argument and the argument from contingency—both forms of cosmological reasoning—a central place for many centuries in the Christian enterprise of natural theology. (Similar arguments were also used in parallel strands of Islamic philosophy.) Thomas' formulations (Summa theologiae, I, Q. 2, art. 3) have been refined in modern neo-Thomist

Subatomic Particle

2004-11-09T02:54:00.000-08:00

Subatomic particles are, literally, particles that are smaller than atoms. The physical study of such particles

Cookie

2004-11-07T21:46:00.000-08:00

Probably the most popular cookies in the United States are those that are

Strang, Gunnar Georg Emanuel

2004-11-04T11:50:00.000-08:00

Strang was a self-educated agricultural labourer and trade-union organizer who rose to become president of the Swedish Agricultural Workers' Union

Bradenton

2004-11-03T11:50:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1903) of Manatee county, west-central Florida, U.S. It lies on the south bank of the Manatee River near its mouth at Tampa Bay, about 10 miles (15 km) north of Sarasota. The explorer Hernando de Soto landed nearby, probably at Shaw's Point, in 1539 (an event commemorated by a national memorial). Founded in the 1840s, the city was named for an early settler, Joseph Braden, who planted sugar and

Bradenton

2004-10-31T23:57:00.000-08:00

Any of a number of contagious diseases that are most commonly acquired in sexual intercourse. See sexually transmitted disease.

Anthony Of Bourbon

2004-10-30T14:57:00.000-07:00

Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, he married (1548) Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry II, king of Navarre; as sole heir, she brought her husband the title of king of Navarre. Anthony was involved with his brother, Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé, in the Huguenot conspiracy of Amboise,

Andosol

2004-10-28T09:00:00.000-07:00

One of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Andosols are highly porous, dark-coloured soils developed from parent material of volcanic origin, such as volcanic ash, tuff, and pumice. They are found from Iceland to Indonesia, but they typically occur in wooded highland areas of the continental lands bordering

Zion

2004-10-24T11:44:00.000-07:00

In the Old Testament, the easternmost of the two hills of ancient Jerusalem. It was the site of the Jebusite city captured by David, king of Israel and Judah, in the 10th century BC (2 Samuel 5:6–9) and established by him as his royal capital. Some scholars believe that the name also belonged to the “stronghold of Zion” taken by David (2 Samuel 5:7), which may have been the fortress of the city. The

Yamazaki Sokan

2004-10-21T10:20:00.000-07:00

Little is known of Sokan's life. According to tradition he served as a retainer to the shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa and became a monk after Yoshihisa's

Mitterrand, François

2004-10-19T22:54:00.000-07:00

The son of a stationmaster, Mitterrand

Perspective Scenery

2004-10-17T14:07:00.000-07:00

In theatre, scenery and the scene design technique that represents three-dimensional space on a flat surface, creating an illusion of reality and an impression of distance. Developed during the Italian Renaissance, perspective scenery applied the newly mastered science of linear perspective and brought the craft of illusion to the Italian stage. An initial

Alabama, The Civil War and its aftermath

2004-10-15T13:14:00.000-07:00

In 1861 Alabama seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America, which established its first capital in Montgomery. The state legislature conscripted soldiers and appropriated several million dollars for military operations and for the support of the families of soldiers. Some 35,000 of the 122,000 Alabamians who served in the war died. Following the collapse

Madinat Habu

2004-10-14T08:57:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Medinet Habu, southernmost part of the necropolis region of western Thebes in Upper Egypt, although the name often refers specifically to the mortuary temple built there by Ramses III (1187–56 BC). (See Thebes.) This temple, which was also dedicated to the god Amon, was carved with religious scenes and portrayals of Ramses' wars against the Libyans and the Sea Peoples. It was situated within a

Nuclear Family

2004-10-12T01:30:00.000-07:00

Also called elementary family in sociology and anthropology, a group of persons united by ties of marriage and parenthood or adoption and consisting of a man, a woman, and their socially recognized children. This unit was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is

Dawson Creek

2004-10-09T07:36:00.000-07:00

City, northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The city lies along Dawson Creek near the Alberta border. It has the Mile “Zero” post marking the beginning of the Alaska Highway and is a terminus of the British Columbia Railway from Vancouver (741 miles [1,193 km] south-southwest) and the Northern Alberta Railway from Edmonton (360 miles [580 km] southeast). The economy depends largely on agriculture

Amorphous Solid

2004-10-08T05:27:00.000-07:00

On amorphous solids in particular, a lucid introductory text accessible to a nontechnical reader is Richard Zallen, The Physics of Amorphous Solids (1983), with coverage of structural models for the various classes of amorphous solids as well as percolation theory, a modern paradigm for disordered systems. A classic advanced work is N.F. Mott and E.A. Davis, Electronic Processes in Non-crystalline Materials, 2nd ed. (1979), which features many of the theoretical contributions of Nobel Laureate coauthor Mott. A text providing a thorough treatment of oxide glasses is J. Zarzycki, Glasses and the Vitreous State (1991; originally published in French, 1982). A reference work with wide coverage of recent research topics, including detailed treatment of chalcogenide glasses, is S.R. Elliott, Physics of Amorphous Materials, 2nd ed. (1990). A comprehensive collection of detailed reviews is contained in R.W. Cahn, P. Haassen, and E.J. Kramer (eds.), Materials Science and Technology, vol. 6, Glasses and Amorphous Materials, ed. by J. Zarzycki (1991), including coverage of glass technology, formation, and structure, oxide glasses, chalcogenide glasses, metallic glasses, polymeric glasses, and the optical, electric, and mechanical properties of glasses. Amorphous silicon is treated in detail in another work, R.A. Street, Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (1991).

Conservation, The Antarctic Treaty

2004-10-05T08:48:00.000-07:00

The Antarctic continent remained unknown and unexplored during the period when most other parts of the world were being claimed and colonized by European powers. Uninhabited and, until recently, of little or no value to any country, Antarctica never became an area for international dispute. Although segments of the continent and sub-Antarctic islands have been

Halas, John; And Batchelor, Joy

2004-10-04T18:50:00.000-07:00

Halas was educated in Hungary and Paris and apprenticed to George Pal; he moved to England as an animator in 1936. After art school Batchelor became a commercial artist and met Halas in 1936 while working

Abu Sir

2004-10-02T03:18:00.000-07:00

Zahi Hawass, “Abusir Tomb,” National Geographic, 194(5):102–113 (November 1998).

Swallow-tanager

2004-09-30T11:23:00.000-07:00

(Tersina viridis), bird of northern South America, the sole member of the subfamily Tersininae, family Emberizidae; some authors give it family rank (Tersinidae). About 15 cm (6 inches) long, it resembles a tanager with long wings and a swallowlike bill. The male is light blue, with black markings; the female is mostly green. Swallow-tanagers catch insects on the

Irrawaddy River

2004-09-27T10:51:00.000-07:00

The peoples living on the river's banks are culturally diverse. On the upper reaches, the Kachin, who practice shifting agriculture, predominate. In the middle and lower basins, the Burmese are the dominant group, cultivating wheat, cotton, and oilseeds in the central dry zone and rice and jute to the south and in the delta region, where rainfall is more plentiful. Also

Tirpitz, Alfred Von

2004-09-26T02:53:00.000-07:00

Original name Alfred Tirpitz German admiral, the chief builder of the German Navy in the 17 years preceding World War I and a dominant personality of the emperor William II's reign. He was ennobled in 1900 and attained the rank of admiral in 1903 and that of grand admiral in 1911; he retired in 1916.

Mardi Gras

2004-09-22T08:03:00.000-07:00

(French: Fat Tuesday), festive day celebrated in France on the Tuesday (Shrove Tuesday; q.v.) before Ash Wednesday, which marks the close of the pre-Lenten season. In the United States the festival is most elaborately celebrated in New Orleans. See carnival.

Harald I

2004-09-20T15:07:00.000-07:00

The son of Halvdan the Black, ruler of part of southeastern Norway and a scion of the Yngling dynasty, the ancient

Duras, Marguerite

2004-09-18T23:39:00.000-07:00

Duras spent most of her childhood in Indochina, but at the age of 17 she moved to France to

Yugoslavia

2004-09-14T19:25:00.000-07:00

Three federations have borne the name Yugoslavia (“Land of the South Slavs”). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kraljevina Jugoslavija), officially proclaimed in 1929 and lasting

Dynamics

2004-09-11T22:37:00.000-07:00

Dynamics can be subdivided into kinematics, which describes motion, without regard to its causes, in terms of position, velocity, and acceleration; and kinetics, which is concerned

Dadié, Bernard Binlin

2004-09-09T11:08:00.000-07:00

Dadié received his higher education in Senegal, where his involvement in a folklore and drama movement first encouraged him to

Greek Religion, Rites

2004-09-08T02:41:00.000-07:00

Sacrifice was offered to the Olympian deities at dawn at the altar in the temenos, which normally stood east of the temple. Representing as it did a gift to the gods, sacrifice constituted the principal proof of piety. The gods were content with the burnt portion of the offering, while the priests and worshipers shared the remainder of the meat. Different animals were

Ear, Human, Disturbances of the vestibular system

2004-09-05T20:31:00.000-07:00

The relation between the vestibular apparatus of the two ears is reciprocal. When the head is turned to the left, the discharge from the left horizontal canal is decreased, and vice versa. Normal posture is the result of their acting in cooperation and in opposition. When the vestibular system of one ear is damaged, the unrestrained activity of the other causes a continuous

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Baron (frihere)

2004-09-04T07:19:00.000-07:00

In 1858 Nordenskiöld settled in Stockholm, joined an expedition to the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, between Norway and Greenland, and became

Haldane, Elizabeth Sanderson

2004-09-01T13:20:00.000-07:00

The younger sister of the statesman Richard Burdon Haldane and the physiologist John Scott Haldane, she was educated privately. For much of her adult life she served on various advisory and regulatory boards for nursing. Influenced by the English housing reformer Octavia Hill,

Karaism

2004-08-30T06:16:00.000-07:00

The movement began in

Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm

2004-08-28T11:20:00.000-07:00

Nothing is known of his musical education. In 1746 he was secretary to a Prussian general in Paris, where he met Voltaire and the composer Jean Rameau. He later lived in Berlin and Hamburg and from 1763 to 1795 directed the Prussian

Responsa

2004-08-27T18:15:00.000-07:00

Hebrew She'elot U-teshubot (“questions and answers”), replies made by rabbinic scholars in answer to submitted questions about Jewish law. These replies began to be written in the 6th century after final redaction of the Talmud and are still being formulated. Estimates of the total number of published responsa, which range in length from a few words to lengthy monographs and compendia, vary from

Owl, Fossil history

2004-08-25T06:15:00.000-07:00

The earliest recognizable fossil strigiform is Protostrix from the Eocene of Wyoming. A number of genera from the later Tertiary have been assigned to Recent strigiform families. Some early owls reached far greater size than their modern descendents. A giant barn owl, about twice the size of the modern Tyto alba, inhabited Puerto Rico in the Pleistocene. Another

Gullah

2004-08-23T13:03:00.000-07:00

Creole language based on English, spoken by former black slaves and their descendants (also called Gullahs and Geechees, West African tribal names) on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia and on the mainland nearby. Gullah consists of an English pidgin base characteristic of 17th- and 18th-century British colonists' speech, with additional vocabulary and some

Sarian, Martiros (sergeevich)

2004-08-21T16:51:00.000-07:00

Sarian received training in painting at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (1897–1904), where among his teachers were the noted realist artists Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov. Soon Sarian was exhibiting his

Korçë

2004-08-18T08:24:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Korça, Korcha , or Kortcha , Old Slavonic Koritsa , Italian Corizza city, southeastern Albania. It began as a feudal estate in the 13th century, and in 1484 the local lord, Koja Mirahor Ilyas Bey, a Muslim convert active in the Ottoman siege of Constantinople (1453), returned to the site and built the mosque that bears his name. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries Korçë was a centre of commerce and trade. The first school to use the Albanian language opened there

Airplane, Devices for aerodynamic control

2004-08-17T13:54:00.000-07:00

In some flight conditions—descent, preparing to land, landing, and after landing—it is desirable to be able to increase drag to decelerate the aircraft. A number of devices have been designed to accomplish this. These include speed brakes, which are large flat-plate areas that can be deployed by the pilot to increase drag dramatically and are most often found on military

RoughStamp

Duanehunt Law

Arts, Islamic, Stringed instruments

De Baca

Usakligil, Halit Ziya

Cicero

Scorpius X-1

Middlesex

Esdraelon, Plain Of

Christianity, The schism of 1054

Mushroom Poisoning

Gauches, Cartel Des

Haavelmo, Trygve

Floral Decoration, 17th century

Planet X

Sea Lettuce

Military Affairs

Aiken

Auburn

Itaipú Dam

Atlanta

Cladonia

Poland, Partitions Of

Rowan

Fairbairn, Sir William, 1st Baronet

Responsory

Latium

Bejaïa

Quad

Hohhot

Feng Tao

Clanton

Korea, South

Switzerland, Urban Switzerland

Mask

Burnet, Sir Macfarlane

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand

Morocco, Decline of traditional government (18301912)

Fellow Traveller

Wildman, Sir John

Mandel, Georges

Gamelin, Maurice(-gustave)

Boian

Flanders

North Germanic Languages, Norwegian

Cataclastite

Orthodox Judaism

Plymouth

Arinos River

Narayanan, Kocheril Raman

Qatar

Lsd

Cumali, Necati

Beretta Spa

Smilax

Macarthur, John

Rhys, Siôn Dafydd

Biblical Literature, New Testament canon, texts, and versions

Vientiane

Rüsselsheim

Christianity, The cosmological argument

Subatomic Particle

Cookie

Strang, Gunnar Georg Emanuel

Bradenton

Bradenton

Anthony Of Bourbon

Andosol

Zion

Yamazaki Sokan

Mitterrand, François

Perspective Scenery

Alabama, The Civil War and its aftermath

Madinat Habu

Nuclear Family

Dawson Creek

Amorphous Solid

Conservation, The Antarctic Treaty

Halas, John; And Batchelor, Joy

Abu Sir

Duanehunt Law

Morocco, Decline of traditional government (18301912)